In the last article, I wrote that in the act of responding to differences emerges a rhythm. We can find rhythm in sawing, sewing, pottery, writing, singing, dancing, weaving. But there is no rhythm in the mechanical cutter, nor the pendulum or metronome, because for there to be rhythm, movement must be felt. Rhythmicity implies not simply repetition, but difference within repetition (Lefebvre, 2004, p. 90). Iteration is metronomic, itineration is rhythmic (Ingold).
As rhythm depends on difference within repetition, how do differences arise? In this article, I turn to face the inhuman — the indeterminate non/being non/becoming of mattering and not mattering — to answer while troubling the binary of inside/outside, inclusion/exclusion, mattering/not-mattering
How do particles sense one another?
In classical physics, the universe is commonly understood through the distinction between matter and the void: atoms and electrons occupy a vacuum. The void here is as an empty background against which things exist and interact. Quantum field theory troubles this ontology.
If you think of an electron as a tiny spherical entity, a little ball, with bits of negative charge distributed on its surface, and remember that like charges repel one another, then an intractable difficulty arises with this model: all the bits of negative charge distributed on the surface of the sphere repel one another, and since there is no positive charge around to mitigate the mutual repulsion each bit feels, the electron’s own electromagnetic self-energy would be too much to bear – it would blow itself apart.
In 1925, the Russian physicist Yakov Il’ich Frenkel offered a different proposal: the electron is a negatively charged point particle. This means that the electron has zero radius thus has no repulsion here and there, it is just a single point carrying a negative charge. However, this means that the interaction of the electron with its surrounding electromagnetic field that which itself creates – is infinite.
Specifically, the electron’s self-energy takes the form of an electron exchanging a virtual photon (the quantum of the electromagnetic field) with itself. Richard Feynman frames the difficulty in explicitly moral terms:
“Instead of going directly from one point to another, the electron goes along for a while and suddenly emits a photon; then (horrors!) it absorbs its own photon. Perhaps there’s something ‘immoral’ about that, but the electron does it!”
The electron does not only exchange a virtual photon with itself, it is possible for that virtual photon to enjoy other intra-actions with itself. For instance, it can vanish, turning itself into a virtual electron and positron which subsequently annihilate each other before turning back into a virtual photon (before it is absorbed by the electron). And so on. There is an infinite number of such possibilities. One that troubles quantum field theory is the fact that the electron emits a photon that makes a positron-electron pair, and the electron and positron annihilate, creating a new photon that is ultimately absorbed by the electron. Barad frames this as “the possibility of touch touching itself” (2012).
The infinity associated with electron’s self-energy, and other related infinities, installed in quantum field theory intrinsic “perversions.” Instead of a universe being consisted of the void and particles with inherent properties, marks of self-interaction (the trace of the inseparability of particle and void) and perversities (differences) are inherent and is, indeed, infinite.
Our existence down to the electron is already entangled with what is us/not-us raised to an infinite perversity. Such is entanglement. And since alterity and repetition produce rhythm, rhythm is inherent in the unfolding of the universe when there is a continual going-back and responding-to. Again and again, it takes attentiveness to differences that rhythm emerges: that is intimacy—a not/knowing of and becoming with Other, an ethics committed to the rupture of indifference, where desire cannot be eliminated from the core of being – “it is threaded through it; and the unknown, the insensible, new realms of in/determinacy” (Barad, 2012).
Each encounter is therefore an unfolding of diffractive differences. Difference is not merely something to be recognised in another, nor a quality that one possesses in advance. It is something that happens, something that takes form through relations. Difference is a telling soul: one that beckons us to look more closely, to become curious about its formation, its operation, and its consequences. Instead of assuming that we already know where a difference comes from, we might ask: Which histories, relationships, institutions, and practices produced this distinction? What does this difference do in our encounter? How does it transform what can be seen, felt, or become possible?
To attend to alterity, then, is not simply to acknowledge that another person is different from oneself. It is to recognise that the other is never entirely reducible to what we can know or understand. Alterity names the irreducibility of what exceeds our attempts to grasp, assimilate, or incorporate the other into our own terms. It also unsettles the very idea of a self that could exist independently of otherness. As Barad suggests, otherness is not external to the self but materially threaded through it. The constitution of an ‘Other’ entails an indebtedness to the ‘Other’, whose traces are already enfolded within the self: a diffraction, or dispersion, of identity.
Entanglements are therefore relations of obligation: being bound to the other, and being responsible for the ways in which we participate in the ongoing materialisation of differences. ‘Otherness’ is an entangled relation of difference (différance). Ethicality entails noncoincidence with oneself. To encounter another is to encounter the limits and instability of one’s own boundaries, to recognise that one is never entirely oneself, never fully separable from what one encounters.
But what if the point is not to widen the boundaries of inclusion to let everyone and everything in? What if the task is not simply to accommodate difference within an existing framework of belonging, but to remain attentive to how the very conditions of belonging are produced? Rather than asking only how I am implicated in what I see, I might ask how the differences emerging through an encounter transform what can be seen. This shifts attention from the recognition of difference towards an investigation of its effects: what it makes possible, what it excludes, what it unsettles, and what obligations it produces.
If intimacy is an encounter with alterity, it cannot be reduced to the achievement of sameness or complete mutual understanding. Nor is intimacy simply the overcoming of distance between two individuals. It is an ongoing process of differentiation, in which the boundaries between self and other are continually negotiated and reconfigured. To be intimate is perhaps to remain attentive to the ways in which another person exceeds our expectations of them, while recognising that we, too, are continually becoming otherwise through the encounter.
In this act of responding to differences emerges a rhythm.
We can find rhythm in sawing, sewing, pottery, writing, singing, dancing, and weaving. In these practices, rhythm does not arise simply from the mechanical repetition of a movement, but from an ongoing responsiveness between the body, its gestures, and the material with which it works. The movement of a saw through wood, for instance, is never quite identical from one stroke to the next. The body adjusts its pressure, its pace, and its direction in response to the resistance of the material. The rhythm emerges through this continuous exchange. It is neither entirely predetermined by the person performing the action nor imposed by the material itself. It takes shape through their encounter.
For there to be rhythm, movement must be felt. There is no rhythm in the mechanical cutter, nor in the pendulum or metronome, but there is a rhythmic quality in the act of sawing. As Henri Lefebvre writes, rhythmicity implies not simply repetition, but difference within repetition (2004, p. 90). Rhythm is not the recurrence of identical movements, but the variation, interruption, and transformation that take place within recurrence. In Tim Ingold’s terms, iteration is metronomic, itineration is rhythmic. Where iteration reproduces the same, itineration follows a movement that is continually responsive to the conditions through which it unfolds.
Could intimacy be understood in a similar way? Perhaps the rhythm of intimacy emerges not from the synchronisation of two individuals, but from their continuous responsiveness to one another. It is not a matter of moving at the same pace, sharing the same desires, or arriving at a stable understanding. Rather, it is through the differences between us, and through our capacity to respond to those differences, that a rhythm takes shape. The other interrupts our movement, changes its direction, introduces a hesitation, or opens up an unexpected possibility. We adjust, resist, accommodate, withdraw, and approach again. Each encounter carries traces of previous encounters, yet never quite repeats them.
For there to be a rhythm of intimacy, there must therefore be difference within repetition: the alterity each of us are, and the meeting again and again of differences. What returns is never entirely the same, because neither of us remains unchanged. A familiar gesture acquires a different meaning; a silence becomes newly charged; a repeated encounter produces an unexpected distance or closeness. Intimacy is sustained not by the elimination of these variations but by the attentiveness through which we respond to them.
Perhaps, then, rhythm is neither entirely mine nor entirely yours. It emerges through the relation itself, through the movements and interruptions that take place between us. It cannot be possessed or fully anticipated. Like the material encountered in the act of making, the other continually exceeds the movements we bring to them. To remain intimate is to remain open to this excess, to allow the encounter to transform the terms through which we relate.
The infinite alterities afforded by quantum in/determinacy suggest that the unknown, the insensible, and the incalculable are not external to the conditions of existence. They are constitutive of them. Desire, too, cannot be eliminated from the core of being; it is threaded through it. What remains unknown in another is not necessarily an obstacle to intimacy, but part of the condition through which intimacy continues to unfold. We do not need to resolve every difference, nor make the other entirely intelligible, in order to remain in relation.
Intimacy, then, is not the overcoming of alterity, but the rhythmic practice of remaining attentive to it. It is the ongoing movement of encountering and being encountered, of responding and being transformed. Its rhythm lies not in the repetition of sameness, but in the differences that emerge each time we meet. We do not simply find a rhythm together; we make and unmake it through the continuous, unfinished work of relating.